Lebur

Lebur hancur lebur
Terlalu cepat dan Tak pernah terbayangkan
Bagaimana cara melewati? Aku Tak sepintar tupai dan tak secerdik kancil aku hanyalah kura-kura yg lambat dan apa adanya
Aku hanya terdiam dan merenung tentang hal apa yg membuat smua ini terjadi
Kenapa sebegitu mudahnya ia melepas Dan kenapa sebegitu kerasnya diriku untuk mempertahankan
Sakit sungguh sakit
Sesak hingga bernafas begitu sulit

Embun

Hari demi hari udara terasa panas
Seolah dia mencekik embun yang berkembang
Embun itu hari demi hari mulai memudar atau malah menghilang
Tiap malam dalam raungan dan untaian doa
Si buruk rupa ini berharap
Bahwa embun akan tetap selalu ada
Bahwa embun akan tetap menyejukkan siapapun kapanpun dan di manapun
Aku merindukanmu
Sungguh si buruk rupa ini merindukanmu
Setiap butiran air yang menempel di kulit ini
Butiran air yang menembus sampai ke dalam kulit
Mengharap bahwa embun akan datang kembali dengan senyuman dan pelukannya yang menyejukkan hati

Rembang, 29 Mei 2018

dee

diya

diya
diya adalah orang yang membuatku tersadar bahwa cinta itu indah
indah dimana ketika membawa Tuhan di setiap perjalanan
indah dimana saling menghargai itu menjadi kebutuhan
indah dimana keterbukaan menjadi pengisi ruang rindu
indah dimana rasa saling percaya itu menjadi penyemangat hidup
indah dimana hidup ini berguna bagi sesama
indah dimana kau dan aku memiliki cinta sederhana dan slalu sadar bahwa hanya manusia biasa yang selalu membutuhkan Tuhan dan sesama

universe

life is...

life is an opportunity. benefit from it.
life is a beauty. admire it.
life is a dream. realize it.
life is challenge. meet it.
life is a duty. complete it.
life is a game. play it.
life is a promise. fulfill it
life is sorrow. over come it.
life is a song. sing it.
life is a struggle. accept it.
life is a tragedy. confront it.
life is an adventure. dare it.
life is luck. make it.
life is life. fight for it.
---Mother Teresa---

and life is a choice that you will be chosen... *dee

kebebasan

 freedom vrijheid liberté libertà

kebebasan

begitu banyak keberagaman bahasa dalam dunia ini untuk dapat mengartikan makna yang begitu indah bagiku ya bagiku...

kata itu yang membuatku tersadar bahwa aku bisa melakukan lebih dari ini, bukan menjadi penonton belaka atau komentator picik 

karena dunia ini terlalu luas untuk diri sendiri dan terlalu indah jika hanya dilihat selibat

indah teramat indah jika hanya dalam angan

angan angan angan sungguh banyak angan yang ada dalam kepalaku yang selalu berteriak untuk diwujudkan dalam dunia nyata

nyata yang begitu pahit untuk sekarang ini

tapi aku masih percaya pada keyakinan yang kumiliki bahwa Gusti mboten nate sare dan masih memberikanku kesempatan untuk menggapai mereka...

dee*

language variation

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.  Background of Problem

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which study about how language is being used in society. According to Kridalaksana (1978:94), Sociolinguistics is usually defined as the study of characteristics and varieties of language in society. It also supported by Holmes (2013:1) who states that Sociolinguistics refers to the study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in different social context. It can be concluded that Sociolinguistics is a study of language which concern in how it is being used in society including its characteristics, varieties, and social context.

Talking about Sociolinguistics, sociolinguists also have developed a number of ways of categorising languages, according to their status and social functions. The distinction between a vernacular language and as tandard language is a useful place to start. It will be explained deeper in this paper.

B.  Formulation of Problem

Based on the background of the problem above, therefore the writers formulatethefollowing research questions which focus on:

1.      What is vernacular language?

2.      What are the characteristics of vernacular language?

3.      What is standard language?

4.      What are the characteristics of standard language?

C.  Purpose

Related to the problems formulated, objectives of this paper are:

1.      To identify the definition of vernacular language

2.      To identify the characteristics of vernacular language

3.      To identify the definition of standard language

To identify the characteristics of standard language

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSIONS

A.  Theories of  Vernacular Language

In the theories of Vernacular Language will be discussed about the definition and the characteristics of vernacular language.

1.    Vernacular Language

The term vernacular is used in a number of ways. It generally refers to a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official status.Vernacular is common language spoken by average citizens of a particular place. Vernacular is the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people of a country or region. In addition, the language use spoken as one’s mother tongue; not learned or imposed as a second language. Vernacular language use in speech or written works, using the mother tongue of a country or region.Vernacular literature, vernacular describes everyday language, including slang, that’s used by the people, the vernacular is different from literary or official language; it’s way people really talk with each other, like how families talk at home.

Vernacular is different: think of it as how friends talk when no one is listening. Vernacular language includes slang. One of the hardest things about writing for school is getting away from the vernacular and learning to write in more formal ways that don’t come as naturally. You can also say specific groups have a vernacular, meaning the unique way people in a certain region or profession speak’.

“Vernaculars; another name used to refer to languages, especially to the ones regarded as the local varieties”. It generally refers to a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official status. Vernaculars are usually the first languages learned by people in multilingual communities; in addition, they are often used for a relatively narrow range of informal function.

Example of vernacular language (javaness)

Madya	Krama	Arti
Ampun	2   Sampun	Jangan
Dugi	Dumugi	Tiba,sampai
Êmpun	Sampun	Sudah
Kèn	Kèngkèn	Suruh
King	Saking	Dari
Napa	Punapa	Apa
Nika	Punika	Itu
Têng	Dhatêng	Ke

2.    The Characteristics of Vernacular language

As one of language categories, vernacular language has its own characteristics. There are some characteristics of it, as follows:

a.       It does not have official status.

There are hundreds of vernacular languages, such as Buang in Papua New Guinea, Hindustani in India and Bumbarin Vanuatu, many of which have never been written down or described. It means that usually vernacular language does not have official status or have not been standardized.

b.      Limited used in certain area

As we know that vernacular language is a native language of a specific population means it only can be understood by the native speaker of the language and can be applied in daily conversation rather than in formal situation as national language. For example, in USA where English is dominant language, a language like Spanish can be regarded as vernacular language.

c.       It is acquired at home as a first variety.

Vernacular language is also a first language. It can be acquired at home since childhood used to communicate at home with family members.

d.      It is used to communicate in everyday interaction

Not only being used to communicate at home with family members, vernacular language is also usually used to communicate with friends.

e.       It is appropriate only in informal domains

Due to only used in specific area, vernacular language can’t be used in formal situation like conference or teaching learning process. It is better to use vernacular language in specific occasions such as having talk with close friends.

B.  Theories of Standard Language

In the theories of Standard Language will be discussed about the definition and the characteristics of standard language.

1.    Standard Language

A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication. There are different standard varieties of English in the world, such as North American English, Australian English and Indian English. Although these standard varieties differ in terms of their pronunciation, there are few differences in grammar between them. In contrast, there are non-standard forms of a language that are used, for example, in different regional dialects and these non-standard varieties are different from each other.

This book is a grammar of standard written and spoken British English. It has examples of forms of English that are standard but that are more common in speaking than in writing. The book also has some examples of language that are non-standard and not acceptable or appropriate. All users of English make choices all the time about what is most acceptable or appropriate in different contexts. Learners of English should use standard forms of the language in most situations.

Only a minority of the world’s languages are written, and an even smaller minority are standardized in the sense of codified and accepted by the community as suitable for formal functions. It will be useful to look at an example to illustrate what the definition means in a particular context.

For examples, There is really no inherent reason why saying "I aint got no money" is better than "I haven't got any money"; it's only because we cling on to certain rules that we deem one to be standard and the other to be non-standard - yet both are easily understood by the majority of native English speakers.

2.    The Characteristics of Standard language

Standard language; the variety of a language that is considered as a better one for its phonological, lexical, and grammatical correctness. Those are the characteristic of standard language:

a.         One which is written and has undergone some degree of regularisation or codification (e.g: in grammar, vocabulary,etc) and also recognized dictionary.

b.        There is a rule to use the language as like when we wanted to talk in formal situation. When we talked in a conference, school or other formal activities.

c.         Used for H functions (court, literature, administration) alongside with a diversity of L (language) varieties.

d.        Can be used in many areas.

Everyone can easier to understandable the language.

Ex: When you hold a conference between countries and languages. Used is the language of internastional English is the same as if we follow the conference that follows the entire city in Indonesia must be the standard language used is Indonesian

e.         A prestigious variety. Economic, social, and political influences

If the vernacular language is used in everyday conversation then the standard language is used in formal activities like conferences and teaching learning process.

 Indonesia language;
Ira : Permisi. Maaf saya menggangu waktu anda, bu. Dapatkah  saya bertanya?
My Teacher : Iya. Silakan. Apa yang ingin anda tanyakan?
Ira : Begini bu, sehubungan dengan tugas yang anda berikan. Kapan batas pengumpulan tugasnya?
My Teacher : Batas pengumulannya sampai minggu depan.
Ira : Oh. Terima kasih ibu.
My Teacher : Sama-sama.
Reason: “Indonesia language is a standard language”.

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

A.  CONCLUSION

To sum up, this topic has focused on the communication process and we have analysed some aspects involved in it. We began by talking about study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in different social context. It can be concluded that Sociolinguistics is a study of language which concern in how it is being used in society including its characteristics, varieties, and social context. Exactly, there are four kinds of language varieties such as; vernacular, standard, lingua franca and pidgin, but, in this paper just talking about vernacular language and standard language. We focused on the definition, characteristic and also the relationship between language change.

B.  SUGGESTION

1.    For the learner

Based on the explanation above, the writers hope that the learners know and understand about study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in different social context.

2.    For the teacher

6

By talking about study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in different social context, the writers expect for educator or teacher to understand more about the topic.